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Newsletter issue - April 2021
The Budget saw an announcement that the loss relief provisions available to both unincorporated business and companies are to be temporarily extended. There are differences in the way this will operate between the two types of business vehicle.
Unincorporated businesses
The affected rules are those in ITA 2007, s. 64, i.e. "sideways" loss relief. This permits a trader to set off losses suffered in a tax year against general income of the same year, the preceding year, or both years. This is not automatic, and must be claimed or the loss will carry forward to offset future profits. There are variations on this relief in the early or final years of trading. It is also possible to set off losses that cannot be utilised under a s. 64 claim against capital gains.
The current rules are subject to the general restriction on uncapped income tax reliefs. Where they are offset against income other than profits from the same trade (e.g. in the preceding tax year), the maximum that can be used in any tax year is the higher of £50,000 or 25% of adjusted total income.
The extension provides a restricted enhancement to s. 64 for losses realised in 2020-21 and 2021-22. This means that the individual must first make a claim under s. 64, or be eligible to make one but has not done so as there is no other income to relieve. The extension then permits the trader to offset profits of the same trade in the three preceding tax years. The most recent year is to be relieved first.
Note that this does not extend to offsetting general income. There will be a cap of £2 million applying to each of the tax years included in the extension.
The published guidance gives the following example:
An individual trader's profits, losses and other income are:
2017 to 2018 - Trade Profit £1,200,000 - Employment Income £50,000
2018 to 2019 - Trade Profit £1,200,000 - Employment Income £50,000
2019 to 2020 - Trade Profit £500,000 - Employment Income £50,000
2020 to 2021 - Trade Loss £3,000,000 - Employment Income £50,000
The trader makes a claim under section 64 of ITA07 to set the 2020 to 2021 loss against general income of both the year of loss (£50,000) and the previous year 2019 to 2020 (£550,000).
the remaining part of the 2020 to 2021 loss, up to a maximum of £2,000,000, is available to carry back to set against trading profits of 2018 to 2019 and 2017 to 2018 (in that order), and the trader makes a claim under the new provision.
Loss set against:
1) £50,000 general income of 2020 to 2021
2) £550,000 general income of 2019 to 2020
3) £1,200,000 trade profit of 2018 to 2019
4) £800,000 trade profit of 2017 to 2018 (cap applied)
£400,000 of the loss remains available to be claimed to carry forward and set against trade profits in future years.
Companies
The affected rules are those in CTA 2010, s. 37. Currently, where a company makes a trading loss in an accounting period it may be relieved by claiming loss relief against total profits in the accounting period in which the loss is made. Unrelieved losses may then be set off against profits of the preceding 12-month period. The temporary extension increases the carry back period to three years for losses arising in accounting periods ending between 1 April 2020 and 31 March 2022. There is a £2 million cap on losses made in accounting periods ending between 1 April 2020 and 31 March 2021, with a separate £2 million cap in place for trading losses incurred in relevant accounting periods ending between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2022. This cap will apply at group level where relevant.
However, as the Budget announced the forthcoming increase in the main rate of corporation tax to 25% in 2023, it may be more efficient for a loss-making company to carry its losses forward to utilise against profits that would be chargeable at the increased rate. This will of course depend on current cash flow.
